G R A M Á T I C A
Musculoso Manuel insiste en que usted seleccione el tópico que necesita explorar para prepararse para el próximo examen.
L a s S e l e c c i o n e s
Las formas irregulares de ser y estar
Una lista de los pronombres directos e indirectos
Estructuras de frases con pronombres directos e indirectos
| yo soy | nosotros somos |
* |
yo estoy | nosotros estamos |
| tú eres | ------------------------- |
* |
tú estás | -------------------------- |
| él, ella,Ud. es | ellos, ellas, Uds. son |
* |
él, ella,Ud está | ellos, ellas, ustedes están |
Los usos de ser y estar
Ser Estar
1. Origin, possession and material with DE l. Location or position
Juan es de Cuba. / Es el lápiz de Ana Paco está aquí / Havana está en Cuba
2. Occupation, nationality, identification 2. Health condition
Él es médico. / Son españoles. / La flor es una rosa. Daniel está enfermo.
3. Description - Color, descriptive adjectives 3. Change from previous state
El gato es negro. / Somos altos. Estoy alegre. / Ella está triste.
4. Time & Date 4. With the present participle Son las cuatro y media. / Es el tres de mayo. to form the present progressive tense
Estamos cantando.
"Pronombres"
PRONOMBRES DIRECTOS PRONOMBRES INDIRECTOS
me nos me nos
te te
lo, la los, las le les
"Estructuras de frases
con pronombres directos e indirectos"
In order to replace direct and indirect objects with object pronouns, it will be helpful to follow the process from the very beginning and follow it through to its conclusion.
Let´s first tackle direct objects pronouns by starting with a sample sentence:
El artista dio una pintura
a su estudiante talentoso.
(The artist gave a painting to his talented student.)
The first step is to identify the direct and indirect objects.
A direct object is identified by taking the subject and verb of the sentence and asking the questions: Who? / What?
The subject of the sentence is the artist (el artista).
El artista dio una pintura a su estudiante talentoso. (subject)
The sentence´s verb is gave (dio).
El artista dio una pintura a su estudiante talentoso. (subject) (verb)
In order to determine the direct object of this sentence, the question you should ask yourself is, "The artist gave who?" or "The artist gave what?". Naturally, the answer to the question is that the artist gave a painting. Therefore, painting is the direct object that will be replaced with a direct object pronoun.
There are two considerations when replacing the appropriate direct object pronoun: 1) perfectly matching the properties of the direct object with one of the direct object pronouns and 2) deciding where the pronoun will be positioned in the sentence.
First, the direct object pronoun must agree with the noun that it is replacing in both number (singular / plural) and gender (masculine / feminine).
The direct object, una pintura is a singular/feminine noun. Of the direct object pronouns that are reviewed elsewhere on this page (me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las), la is the perfect match for the singular feminine noun, pintura.
Second, the direct object pronoun is placed before a conjugated verb and after and attached to the infinitive.
Let´s return to our sample sentence: El artista dio una pintura a su estudiante talentoso. (subject) (verb)
All that´s left to do is to remove the direct object, una pintura, from the sentence and then replace it with the direct object pronoun, la.
Our sentence then becomes:
El artista la dio a sus estudiante talentoso. / The artist gave it to his talented student.
If the verb of the sentence was in its infinitive form, then the pronoun would follow and be attached to it:
El artista quiso darla a sus estudiante talentoso. .
Now that we have replaced the direct object with its pronoun counterpart, let´s look at the similar process of replacing the indirect object with the appropriate pronoun.
Looking at the same sample sentence, we find the indirect object pronoun by determining to whom or for whom something is being done. By reviewing our sample sentence,
El artista dio una pintura a su estudiante talentoso. The artist gave a painting to his talented students.
we can say that the artist´s painting was given to his talented students, leading us to the conclusion that the noun students is the indirect object of the sentence.
Once again, the pronoun must correspond to the indirect object that will be replaced. The pronoun will come from the indirect object pronouns listed above. As you may have noticed, this time, the match will be less perfect since there are no feminine and masculine forms of the pronoun, only singular and plural forms.
We only have to determine if the indirect object is singular or plural. Obviously, students, the indirect object, is plural. From the indirect object pronouns listed above, (me, te, nos, le, les), the plural pronoun that matches students is les. So les will go into the sentence and students, along with its modifiers (su, talentosos) will be removed.
As with direct object pronouns, the indirect object pronouns are placed immediately before the conjugated form of a verb. The also follow, and are attached to the infinitive. The sentence then becomes:
El artista les dio una pintura . / El artista quiere darles una pintura. The artist gives a painting to them. / The artist wants to give a painting to them.
Since the indirect object pronouns, le and les, do not indicate the gender (masculine or feminine) of the indirect object that we have replaced, a clarifying phrase must be added at the end of the sentence.
El artista les dio una pintura can mean either "the artist gave a painting to them (the guys)" or to them (the girls) or even to all of you (plural / Uds). To avoid confusion, the clarifying phrase must be tacked on to the end of the sentence. In this case, since the artist´s students have a male presence, the concluding phrase,"a ellos" will prevent misunderstandings.
El artista les dio una pintura a ellos . / El artista quiere darles una pintura a ellos. The artist gives a painting to them. / The artist wants to give a painting to them.
Now we move on to the final task, double object pronouns.
The two processes that are outlined above apply to double object pronouns. Determine the direct object and its corresponding pronoun. Then determine which is the indirect object and its matching pronoun. While both pronouns go before the conjugated form of the verb, there are two additional rules to remember.
First, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun so that the word order is as follows:
SUBJECT / INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN / DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN / VERB / CLARIFYING PHRASE.
Secondly, whenever both le or les are used along with either lo, la, los or las, the indirect object pronoun is changed to se (from le or les). The final sentence will look like this:
El artista se la dio a ellos . (subject) (indir/dir) (verb) (clarifying chrase)
Now that we have reviewed the grammar theory, you
can practice with the exercises that I have
provided to get
you into shape for our Unit 5 test. When you are finished, I´m
sure that your work will be so darn good, that it will rival the world´s
finest works of art.
Clicking the link below will allow you to surf out to a unique site called COMP-JUGADOR
Simply enter an infinitive into the box, click "Busque", and the verb will appear in all of its forms, simple and compound tenses, in both the indicative and subjunctive moods. ¡EXPLORE UD. AHORA!
¡ Es maravilloso ! . . . . ¡ Es un milagro tecnológico! . . . . . ¡ Es caliente ! . . . . . ¡Es COMP-JUGADOR! . . . . . ¡ Donde recibirás todas las formas de más que 10,000 verbos !
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